Similar Adaptations to 10 Weeks Concurrent Training on Metabolic Markers and Physical Performance in Young, Adult, and Older Adult Women.

It has been proposed that the combination of high-intensity aerobic exercises and resistance training (RT) known as concurrent training (CT) could improve metabolic syndrome (MetS) markers, and that the exercise mixture in CT could dampen muscle anaerobic pathways, a result known as the interference effect. However, there is scarce evidence on its effects in women across different ages. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of a 10-week CT intervention on MetS markers and endurance performance in adult women and compared age-related differences between young, adult, and older participants. A total of 112 women with >1 MetS risk factors were included in the study. Participants were allocated to different groups according to the following cutoff age ranges: 20-29years (y), n = 25; 30-39y, n = 35; 40-49y, n = 43; and 50-59y, n = 53. Participants performed 10 weeks of CT, including resistance training (RT), involving six major muscle groups, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in a cycle ergometer. Anthropometric, cardiovascular, metabolic, and performance outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention. The CT induced significant improvements in waist circumference (WC) (20-29y: -2.5; 30-39y: -4.1; 40-49y: -4.2; 50-59y: -2.8 Δcm) and the distance achieved in the six-minute walking test (6Mwt) (20-29y: +47.6; 30-39y: +66.0; 40-49y: +43.0; 50-59y: +58.6 Δm) across all age groups, without significant differences between groups. In addition, a significant correlation was found between 6Mwt and WC, independent of age. In conclusion, our results showed that a 10-week CT intervention improved MetS risk factors in women, suggesting that the beneficial effects promoted by CT are independent of age and confirming CT as an effective, age-independent training regimen to improve metabolic health in women.

Fitness cardiorrespiratorio estimado mediante ecuación y su caracterización sociodemográfica en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

[Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test]. / Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo.

The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Capacidad cardiopulmonar en sujetos sanos medida por método directo y prueba de campo / Cardiopulmonary capacity in healthy subjects measured by direct method and field test

Resumen La prueba de caminata de seis minutos se ha aplicado generalmente en enfermos, y algunos estudios han propuesto modelos para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Nuestro objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el consumo máximo de oxígeno en la prueba de caminata de seis minutos para estudiantes universitarios. Participaron 140 estudiantes. Se aplicó el test de marcha y después se realizó una prueba de ejercicio gradual para determinar el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se elaboró una ecuación multivariada y el análisis se hizo con el programa SPSS v.22 (p < 0.05). El modelo predictivo incluyó el sexo, edad, índice de masa corporal, distancia recorrida y la frecuencia cardíaca de recuperación (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). La ecuación cumplió con los supuestos de independencia (p = 0.13), de normalidad (p = 0.49) y de homocedasticidad (p = 0.64). El diagrama de Bland-Altman indicó que no hubo diferencias significativas entre la ecuación y la medición del consumo máximo de oxígeno (p = 0.89), con un intervalo de confianza de 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% IC [-0.72; 0.83]). La ecuación predice el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Se sugiere evaluar estudiantes universitarios considerando diferencias biológicas y ambientales entre países.

Abstract The six-minute walk test has been generally applied in people with pathologies and some studies have proposed models to predict maximum oxygen consumption. Our objective was to elaborate on an equation to predict the maximum oxygen consumption in the six-minute walking test for university students. A hundred and forty people participated in this study. The six-minute walking test was applied and after on a gradual exercise test was performed to determine the maximum oxygen consumption. A multivariate equation was developed and the analysis was done using the SPSS v.22 program (p < 0.05). The predictive model include gender, age, body mass index, distance performed and heart rate recovery (r = 0.83; p < 0.001). The equation fulfilled the assumptions of independence (p = 0.13), normality (p = 0.49) and homoscedasticity (p = 0.64). The Bland-Altman diagram indicated that there were no significant differences between the equation and the measurement of the maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.89), with a confidence interval of 0.054 ml·kg·min-1 (95% CI [-0.72; 0.83]). The equation predicts the maximum oxygen consumption. It is suggested to evaluate university students considering biological and environmental differences between countries.

Auto reporte de la velocidad de marcha y su asociación con marcadores de adiposidad y riesgo cardiovascular en Chile / Association of self-reported walking speed with markers of adiposity and cardiovascular risk in Chile

Background Walking speed is a strong predictor of non-communicable diseases and mortality. Aim To investigate the association of self-reported walking pace with adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular markers in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Analysis of data from 5,077 participants of the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010). Walking speed was self-reported as average or slow pace. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile were the outcome. Results In Chile, 11% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.0; 12.7) of the population reported a slow walking pace. Compared with average walking people, those reporting a slow pace had a higher body weight (difference (∆) 5.65 kg [95% CI: 3.22; 8.09], p < 0.01), BMI (D 2.48 kg/m 2 [95% CI: 1.53; 3.44], p < 0.01), WC (D 6.23 cm [95% CI: 4.12; 8.34], p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (D 30,9 mg/dl [95% CI: 5,31; 57,5], p = 0.018), and lower HDL cholesterol (D -2.32 mg/dl [95% CI: -4,24; -0,34], p = 0.022). Those reporting a slow pace had also a higher odd of being obese (odds ratio (OR): 2.46 [95% CI: 1.82; 3.33], p < 0.01), being diabetic (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.02; 2.40], p = 0.018) and having metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.30; 3.18], p = 0.002). Conclusions In Chilean adults, slow walking pace is associated with and unfavorable adiposity and lipid profile, including a higher probability of being obese, diabetic and having metabolic syndrome.

[Sociodemographic Patterning of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Derived by Equation in the Chilean Population: Findings from the Chilean Health Survey 2016-2017]. / Fitness cardiorrespiratorio estimado mediante ecuación y su caracterización sociodemográfica en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017.

BACKGROUND: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. AIM: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). RESULTS: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

Adiposidad corporal, estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas / Adiposity, healthy lifestyle and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile

RESUMEN En Chile existe escasa evidencia en relación a las características de los estilos de vida en mujeres dueñas de casa versus mujeres con trabajos renumerados. El objetivo del estudio fue comparar marcadores de adiposidad, hábitos de consumo asociados a estilos de vida y nivel de actividad física (AF) en mujeres dueñas de casa y trabajadoras remuneradas chilenas. Se compararon variables de adiposidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), peso corporal, perímetro de cintura (PC), estilos de vida y niveles de AF (transporte, moderada y vigorosa intensidad y tiempo sedente) de 2.232 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010. Las dueñas de casa, en comparación con las trabajadoras renumeradas, presentaron un mayor IMC (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) y PC (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001). El tiempo destinado a la práctica de AF de trasporte (42,5 vs. 51,5 min/día, p= 0,009), moderada (94,2 vs. 128,4 min/día, <0,0001) y vigorosa (25,06 vs. 53,49 min/día, <0,0001) fue menor en dueñas de casa que en trabajadoras renumeradas. Por el contrario, las dueñas de casa destinaron menor tiempo al desarrollo de actividades sedentes (2,71 vs. 3,26 horas/día, <0,0001), además mostraron un menor consumo de alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/día, p= 0,021) en comparación a trabajadoras renumeradas.

ABSTRACT Lifestyle behaviours among women who take care of their home duties (housewives) and women who are currently working in paid employment is unknown in the Chilean population. The aim of this study was, therefore, to characterise adiposity, lifestyle behaviours and physical activity levels in housewives and women with paid employment in Chile. A total of 2,231 women from the National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. Adiposity markers (body weight, body mass index and waist circumference), lifestyle behaviors and physical activity were measured using self-reported questionnaires. The main findings of this study was that housewives had a higher body mass index (27,9 vs. 20,0 kg/m2, <0,0001) and waist circumference (98,3 vs. 95,6 cm, <0,0001) than women with paid-employment. Physical activity levels were lower (transport PA 42,5 vs. 51,5 min/day, p= 0,009, moderate PA 94,2 vs. 128,4 min/ day, <0,0001 and vigorous PA 25,06 vs. 53,49 min/day, <0,0001) and sedentary-related behaviours (2,71 vs. 3,26 hours/day, <0,0001) were higher in housewives compare to women with paid-employment. Dietary behaviors showed that housewives consume less alcohol (30,5 vs. 43,2 g/day, p= 0,021) than women with paid-employment.

Un modelo para predecir el consumo de oxígeno según signos vitales y hábitos de vida en estudiantes universitarios / A model to predict maximal oxygen uptake using vital signs and lifestyles in university students

Background Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O 2 max) is measured using maximal and submaximal exercise tests or can be predicted using demographic variables, body adiposity, vital signs and lifestyles. Aim To elaborate an equation to predict the V̇O 2 max in the absence of cardiopulmonary test in university students. Material and Methods V̇O 2 max was measured directly using a cardiopulmonary test on a treadmill in 121 students aged 22 ± 2 years (59 males). Data about drug and medication use, physical activity [PA], vital signs at rest, and basic anthropometry were collected. The independent variables were included in a multivariate equation and the validity of the model was checked through distribution assumptions and according to the concordance limits of the Bland-Altman diagram. Results The best predictive equation for V̇O 2 max incorporated sex, age, body mass index, blood pressure, heart rate, smoking habits and PA as independent variables. The distributional assumptions were fulfilled (p > 0.05), there were no differences between the equation and the measurement of V̇O 2 max (p = 0.854) with a bias of -0.08 ml·kg·min -1 (95% confidence intervals [-0.95; 0.78]). Conclusions The resulting equation predicts V̇O 2 max based on body adiposity, physiological parameters and life habits.

Caracterización de los estilos de vida en dueñas de casa chilenas: análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010 / Lifestyles of Chilean housewives: analysis of the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey

Background: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. Aim: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. Material and Methods: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. Results: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. Conclusions: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

Association of leisure time and occupational physical activity with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chile.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between physical activity (PA), both occupational (OPA) and during leisure time (LTPA), with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors in Chilean adults. 5,157 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010 were included in this study. OPA and LTPA levels were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The association between both PA with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors was determined using logistic regression. Our findings showed a significant trend between higher LTPA and lower odds for obesity (OR 0.64 [95% CI: 0.53; 0.76], central obesity 0.52 [0.44; 0.61]) and other cardiovascular risk factors including diabetes (OR: 0.72 [0.55; 0.94]), hypertension (OR: 0.59 [0.50; 0.71]) and metabolic syndrome (OR: 0.62 [0.50; 0.78]). In contrast, OPA was only associated with lower odds of diabetes (OR: 0.79 [0.65; 0.98]) and hypertension (0.85 [0.74; 0.98]). In conclusion, LTPA was associated with a lower risk of all major cardiovascular risk factors, whereas OPA was only associated with a lower risk of diabetes and hypertension.

[Patterns of physical activity in Chilean adults across the lifespan]. / Caracterización de los patrones de actividad física en distintos grupos etarios chilenos.

INTRODUCTION: Background: international physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA weekly; however, the proportion of the Chilean population who meet this recommendation across the lifespan remains unknown. Objective: to characterize PA patterns by age categories and sex in the Chilean population. Methods: participants from the Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (5,293 individuals) were included in this study. PA types (transport, moderate and vigorous) and sedentary behavior were measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Time spent on different intensities of physical activity by age and sex was investigated using regression analyses. Results: compared to participants aged < 20 years (reference group), commuting-related PA decreased for both men and women from the age of 60 years onwards. Moderate intensity PA increases for both sexes reaching the highest level between the ages of 40-49 years, and then it shows a decline with increasing age. Vigorous PA reaches the highest levels between ages 30-39 and 40-49 years for women and men, respectively. Time spent sitting increased markedly on participants aged 60 years and above, reaching the highest levels at the age of 80 years. Conclusion: in the Chilean population, there are clear patterns of change in PA levels and sitting time across age groups. These findings may help informing stakeholders on tailoring interventions to increase PA levels, especially at ages when the population is more likely to reach their lowest levels of activity.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Antecedentes: las recomendaciones internacionales fomentan la realización de al menos 150 minutos de actividad física (AF) moderada/vigorosa o 75 minutos de AF vigorosa semanalmente; sin embargo, se desconoce cuál es el porcentaje de cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en los distintos grupos etarios chilenos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de AF según grupos etarios y sexo en población chilena. Métodos: fueron incluidos 5.293 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. Se determinaron los niveles de AF (de transporte, moderada y vigorosa) y el tiempo sedentario a través del cuestionario GPAQ V2. El tiempo total destinado a los diferentes tipos de AF y el tiempo sedentario entre las diferentes categorías de edad fueron analizados según sexo mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo < 20 años, la AF de transporte muestra una disminución a partir de los 60 años en ambos sexos. En ambos sexos, la AF de intensidad moderada alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 40-49 años, pero posterior a esta edad se observó una pronunciada disminución. La AF vigorosa alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 30-39 años para mujeres y 40-49 años para hombres. Finalmente, el tiempo sedente se incrementó a partir de los 60 años, alcanzando su nivel más alto en ≥ 80 años en ambos sexos. Conclusión: los patrones de AF en población chilena se modifican con la edad y su intensidad varía por sexo. Estos resultados podrían orientar el desarrollo de políticas y programas que promuevan la realización de AF, especialmente en edades donde se observan los niveles más bajos.

Caracterización de los patrones de actividad física en distintos grupos etarios chilenos / Patterns of physical activity in Chilean adults across the lifespan

Antecedentes: las recomendaciones internacionales fomentan la realización de al menos 150 minutos de actividad física (AF) moderada/vigorosa o 75 minutos de AF vigorosa semanalmente; sin embargo, se desconoce cuál es el porcentaje de cumplimiento de estas recomendaciones en los distintos grupos etarios chilenos. Objetivo: caracterizar los patrones de AF según grupos etarios y sexo en población chilena. Métodos: fueron incluidos 5.293 participantes de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) 2009-2010. Se determinaron los niveles de AF (de transporte, moderada y vigorosa) y el tiempo sedentario a través del cuestionario GPAQ V2. El tiempo total destinado a los diferentes tipos de AF y el tiempo sedentario entre las diferentes categorías de edad fueron analizados según sexo mediante regresión lineal. Resultados: en comparación con el grupo < 20 años, la AF de transporte muestra una disminución a partir de los 60 años en ambos sexos. En ambos sexos, la AF de intensidad moderada alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 40-49 años, pero posterior a esta edad se observó una pronunciada disminución. La AF vigorosa alcanzó su nivel más alto entre los 30-39 años para mujeres y 40-49 años para hombres. Finalmente, el tiempo sedente se incrementó a partir de los 60 años, alcanzando su nivel más alto en ≥ 80 años en ambos sexos. Conclusión: los patrones de AF en población chilena se modifi can con la edad y su intensidad varía por sexo. Estos resultados podrían orientar el desarrollo de políticas y programas que promuevan la realización de AF, especialmente en edades donde se observan los niveles más bajos

Background: international physical activity (PA) guidelines recommend 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous PA or 75 minutes of vigorous PA weekly; however, the proportion of the Chilean population who meet this recommendation across the lifespan remains unknown. Objective: to characterize PA patterns by age categories and sex in the Chilean population. Methods: participants from the Chilean Health Survey 2009-2010 (5,293 individuals) were included in this study. PA types (transport, moderate and vigorous) and sedentary behavior were measured using the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Time spent on different intensities of physical activity by age and sex was investigated using regression analyses. Results: compared to participants aged < 20 years (reference group), commuting-related PA decreased for both men and women from the age of 60 years onwards. Moderate intensity PA increases for both sexes reaching the highest level between the ages of 40-49 years, and then it shows a decline with increasing age. Vigorous PA reaches the highest levels between ages 30-39 and 40-49 years for women and men, respectively. Time spent sitting increased markedly on participants aged 60 years and above, reaching the highest levels at the age of 80 years. Conclusion: in the Chilean population, there are clear patterns of change in PA levels and sitting time across age groups. These fi ndings may help informing stakeholders on tailoring interventions to increase PA levels, especially at ages when the population is more likely to reach their lowest levels of activity

[Lifestyles of Chilean housewives. Analysis of the 2009-2010 Chilean Health Survey]. / Caracterización de los estilos de vida en dueñas de casa chilenas. Análisis de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2009-2010.

BACKGROUND: Housewives represent a important proportion of the Chilean population. However, there is limited evidence about their lifestyles. AIM: To characterize lifestyles and determine the level of compliance with healthy lifestyles guidelines of housewives in Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Housewives from the 2009-2010 National Health Survey were included. The variables studied included levels of physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior, diet, hours of sleep and smoking. Compliance with healthy lifestyle behaviors was evaluated through logistic regression, granting a value of 1 for compliance and 0 for non-compliance. A healthy lifestyle was defined as meeting at least four healthy behaviors. RESULTS: Housewives aged > 55 years had a higher BMI and waist circumference compared to those aged < 40 years. Housewives were also more likely to report moderate alcohol consumption and were more likely to meet a healthier lifestyle score (Odds ratio = 1.52 [95% confidence intervals: 1.09 to 2.11], p = 0.013). No significant age trends were observed for other lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: Housewives had high levels of central obesity, excess body weight and high levels of salt intake but low alcohol intake. Their healthy lifestyles behaviors increased along with increasing age.

Entrenamiento interválico aeróbico y de fuerza muscular en funcionarios universitarios obesos con ECNT / Aerobic and muscle strength interval training in obese university staff with CNCD: a pilot study

Introducción: En Chile existe alto porcentaje de sedentarismo que trae como consecuencia factores de riesgo de obesidad y enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Un medio no farmacológico para tratarlas es el ejercicio físico, que practicado de manera regular reduce factores de riesgo. Objetivo: determinar los efectos del entrenamiento interválico aeróbico de alta intensidad y fuerza muscular en funcionarios obesos con ECNT en una universidad chilena. Método: Se aplicó un programa de 16 semanas en el que participaron 18 funcionarios universitarios voluntarios, quienes fueron asignados a un grupo de entrenamiento o a un grupo control. Este programa consistió en ejercicios interválicos en bicicleta y de fuerza muscular localizada, ambos de media-alta intensidad con duración de 30 minutos por sesión, tres veces por semana. Se comparó pre y postest intragrupo (GE y GC) con la prueba T-Student de muestras relacionadas y cada pre test y cada postest intergrupo con T-Student para muestras independientes, (p<0,05) entre ambos grupos. Resultados: En el grupo control se mantuvieron y no modificaron las diversas variables evaluadas, aunque se encontraron aumentos en los triglicéridos, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, en contraste con el grupo de entrenamiento, quienes reportaron una disminución significativa en el perímetro de cintura (Pre test:101,33; Postest: 97,22) y el ICE (Pre test:0,65; Postest: 0,62) (p=0,017), en la presión arterial sistólica, la presión arterial diastólica, triglicéridos y la frecuencia cardiaca de reposo, aunque no significativos. En el colesterol total hubo aumentos, aunque no significativos. Por otra parte, el doble producto (frecuencia cardiaca x presión arterial sistólica) solo se redujo en el grupo de entrenamiento. Conclusiones: Los datos sugieren que el entrenamiento interválico aeróbico de media-alta intensidad mejora la respuesta hemodinámica en ejercicio submáximo en pacientes con obesidad y ECNT. La disminución del perímetro abdominal y el ICE es un buen indicador de la mejora de adiposidad corporal

Introduction: In Chile there is a high percentage of sedentary lifestyle behaviors that results in risk factors of obesity and chronic non communicable diseases. A non-pharmacological means to treat them is physical exercise, which practiced on a regular basis reduces risk factors. Objective: to determine the effects of high intensity aerobic training and muscle strength in obese staff with CNCD in a Chilean university.Method: A 16-week program was applied in 18 volunteer university staff, who was assigned to a training group (TG) or a control group (CG). This program consisted of interval medium-high intensity exercises in bicycle and localized muscular strength, with duration of 30 minutes per session, three times a week. Pre and post-intragroup (TG and CG) were compared with the T-Student test of related samples and each pre-test and each post-test intergroup with student's Ttest for independent samples (p <0.05) between both groups. Results: In the control group the variables evaluated were maintained and not modified, although increases in triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were found, in contrast to the training group, who reported a significant decrease in waist circumference (Pre test: 101.33; Posttest: 97.22) and ICE (Pre test: 0.65; Posttest: 0.62) (p = 0.017), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides and frequency cardiac arrest, although not significant. In total cholesterol, there were increases, although not significant. On the other hand, the double product (heart rate x systolic blood pressure) was only reduced in the training group. Conclusions: The data suggest that medium-high intensity aerobic interval training improves the hemodynamic response in submaximal exercise in patients with obesity and CNCD. The decrease in abdominal perimeter and ICE is a good indicator of the improvement of body fat

La Prueba de Caminata de Seis Minutos Relacionada con Variables del Estado Nutricional, Antropométricas y de Actividad Física en Adolescentes Chilenos / The Six-Minute Walk Test Related to Nutricional, Anthropometric and Physical Activity Variables in Chilean Adolescents

Fundamentos: En Chile el 40% de la población entre 15 y 19 años tiene malnutrición por exceso. La evaluación a través de la antropometría y la actividad física (AF) funcional brindan un diagnóstico más completo. El objetivo fue elaborar una ecuación para predecir el desempeño aeróbico en la Prueba de caminata de seis minutos (PC6M) desde el estado nutricional, antropometría y AF en adolecentes chilenos de ambos sexos. Métodos: Participaron 180 adolescentes con edad promedio de 16 años, se les determinó el peso corporal y la estatura, respondieron un cuestionario de hábitos de vida sobre AF y consumo de drogas, entre otros, y realizaron la PC6M. Se comparó las variables por sexo y las que se relacionaron significativamente con la distancia en la PC6M se incluyeron en una ecuación multivariada. Finalmente se verificó la concordancia entre la ecuación y la PC6M con el diagrama de Bland-Almant. Se utilizó el programa SPSS v20 (p<0,05). Resultados: Existió diferencias significativas en las características corporales, la AFy la PC6M, siendo mayores en hombres, la mayoría de los adolescentes no consumen drogas lo que es similar en ambos sexos. La ecuación que predice la distancia en la PC6M es 479,477 + (46,581 ˣ Sexo) + (74,441 ˣ Estatura) + (-0,865 ˣ IMC) + (10,784 ˣ AF) con valor p<0,001, y según Bland-Altman no hubo diferencias entre la ecuación y la PC6M (p=0,845). Conclusiones: Las características corporales de estatura e IMC, la AF y ser hombre o mujer predicen la distancia en la PC6M, pero la explican en un bajo porcentaje

Background: In Chile, 40% of the population between 15 and 19 years old has malnutrition by excess. The evaluation through anthropometry and functional physical activity (PA) provide a comprehensive diagnosis. The aim was to develop an equation to predict the aerobic performance in the Six-minute walk test (SMWT) from the nutritional status, anthropometry and PA in Chilean adolescents of both sexes. Methods: A total of 180 adolescents with an average age of 16 years participated, their body weight and height were determined; they answered a questionnaire related to life habits, PA and drug consumption, among others, and performed the SMWT. The variables compared by sex and those that are significantly related to distance in the SMWT, were included in a multivariate equation. Finally, the concordance between the equation and the SMWT was verified with the Bland-Almant diagram. The SPSS program, v20, was used (p<0.05). Results: There were significant differences in body characteristics, PA and SMWT, being higher in men; the majority of adolescents do not consume drugs, which is similar in both genders. The equation that predicts the distance in the SMWT is 479.477 + (46.581 ˣ Gender) + (74.441 ˣ Height) + (-0.865 ˣ BMI) + (10.784 ˣ PA) with value p<0.001, and according to Bland-Altman there were no differences between the equation and the SMWT (p=0.845). Conclusions: The corporal characteristics of height and BMI, the PA and being male or female predict the distance in the SMWT, but they explain it in a low percentage

Antropometría, nivel de actividad física y condición física en estudiantes de educación física tras cuatro años en la universidad / Anthropometry, physical activity level and physical fitness in physical education students after four years in university

Introducción: los universitarios están sujetos a cambios en estilos de vida a nivel social, psicológico y biológico. Objetivos: determinar diferencias en la antropometría, niveles de actividad física y condición física en estudiantes de educación física de ambos sexos entre el primer y cuarto año de universidad. Métodos: estudio de evolución de grupo donde se midió a 28 estudiantes al primer y cuarto año en antropometría con el protocolo ISAK, niveles de actividad física con el cuestionario IPAQ corto y condición física. Se utilizó la prueba t de Student para muestras relacionadas (p<0,05) con el programa SPSS v24. Resultados: el peso corporal, índice cintura cadera, perímetro de cintura y abdominal aumentaron (p<0,01) y el IMC (p=0,116). La mayoría de los pliegues de miembro superior y tronco disminuyeron, aunque el de la cresta ilíaca (p<0,0001) y abdominal (p=0,031) de forma significativa. El coste energético de la actividad física moderada, caminata y actividad física semanal disminuyeron, pero solo este estadísticamente (p=0,048). Las flexo-extensiones de codo, resistencia cardiorrespiratoria y salto horizontal aumentaron, este último de manera significativa (p=0,004), pero la prueba de abdominales y la flexibilidad disminuyeron. Discusión: disminuyó el peso, perímetro de cintura e IMC en estudiantes de educación física chilenos, en nuestra investigación el índice cintura cadera y el peso aumentaron. El gasto energético disminuyó y concuerda con el de personas con estudios universitarios tras 13 años. En la condición física no es claro, el rendimiento aumenta o disminuye comparado con otros estudiantes de educación física. Conclusiones: la adiposidad corporal aumentó al paso de los años, niveles de actividad física y condición física disminuyeron

Introduction: university students are subject to changes in their lifestyles at a social, psychological and biological level. Objectives: was to determine differences in anthropometry, physical activity levels and physical condition in physical education students of both genders between the first and fourth year of career. Methods: study with group evolution (cohort) with 28 students. The anthropometry with the ISAK protocol were measured at the first and fourth year, physical activity levels with the short version IPAQ questionnaire and physical condition with indirect tests. The Student's t-test for related samples (p<0.05) was used with the SPSS program v24. Results: body weight, waist-hip index, waist and abdominal circumference increased (p<0.01) and BMI (p=0.116). Most of the upper limb and trunk folds decreased, although that of the iliac (p<0.0001) and abdominal (p=0.031) crest significantly. The energy cost of moderate, walking and weekly physical activity decreased, but only statistically (p=0.048). Flexo-extensions of the elbow, cardiorespiratory resistance and horizontal jump increased, the latter significantly (p=0.004), but the abdominal test and flexibility decreased. Discussion: the weight, waist circumference and BMI of Chilean physical education students decreased, in our research the hip waist index and weight increased. The energy expenditure decreased and agrees with people who have college studies after 13 years. In physical condition it is not clear if the performance increases or decreases compared with other physical education students. Conclusions: body adiposity increased over the years, physical activity levels and physical condition decreased

El peso corporal, la estatura, variables del estilo de vida y cardiovasculares predicen el VO2 máx. en estudiantes universitarios / Body weight, height, lifestyle and cardiovascular variables predict the VO2 max in college student

Introducción: se puede utilizar medios simples para predecir el VO2 máx., como a través de las características corporales y el estilo de vida. Objetivos: elaborar una ecuación para estimar el VO2 máx. en base al peso, estatura, variables del estilo de vida y cardiovasculares en estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: participaron 35 hombres y 35 mujeres de 22,5±1,9 años a quienes se les midió el peso corporal, estatura, se registró el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y medicamentos, variables cardiorrespiratorias en reposo y el VO2 máx. en una prueba en cicloergómetro hasta el agotamiento. Se determinó la correlación entre variables, se incluyeron en una ecuación multivariada y se verificó la concordancia del modelo con el diagrama de Bland-Altman. Se asignó una significancia de p<0,05 con el programa SPSS v.20. Resultados: la ecuación de predicción es VO2 máx. (ml.min-1) = -1268,945 + (1305,94 × Sexo [Mujer= 2; Hombre= 1]) + (17,868 × Peso) + (1034,204 × Estatura) + (-97,223 × Medicamentos [SI= 1; NO= 2]) + (3,867 × Presión arterial sistólica [PAS]) + (-5,574 × frecuencia cardíaca reposo [FCr]) (r= 0,892; r2= 0,795; p<0,001). Según Bland-Altman no hay diferencias entre la ecuación y el test en cicloergómetro (p= 0,644) y ningún valor del VO2 máx. estuvo fuera de los límites de concordancia. Discusión: el principal hallazgo es que el peso y la estatura tienen el mayor poder predictivo, junto al sexo, y las demás variables lo aumenta, además, es un estudio pionero en Chile. Algunas investigaciones utilizan características corporales y estilos de vida para predecir el VO2 máx., pero solo dos incluyen el tabaquismo, una la FC y ninguna la presión arterial. Conclusiones: variables antropométricas, del estilo de vida y cardiovasculares predicen el VO2 máx. Se puede utilizar el modelo predictivo considerando las diferencias entre las características de las personas y entre países

Introduction: To predict VO2 max it can be used simple means such as body characteristics and lifestyle. Aim: To elaborate an equation to estimate the VO2 max based on body weight, height, lifestyle and cardiovascular variables in college students. Methods: In a sample of 35 men and 35 women of 22.5±1.9 years body weight, height, consumption of alcohol, tobacco and medications, cardiorespiratory variables at rest and VO2 max in a cycle ergometer test until exhaustion were measured. A correlation between variables was determined, which were included in a multivariate equation and the agreement of the model with the Bland-Altman diagram was verified. A significance of p<0.05 was assigned with the SPSS v.20 program. Results: the prediction equation is VO2 max (ml.min-1) = -1268.945 + (1305.94 × Sex [Female = 2, Male = 1]) + (17.868 × Weight) + (1034.204 × Height) + (-97.223 × Medications [YES = 1, NO = 2]) + (3.867 × Systolic blood pressure) + (-5.574 × Resting heart rate [HRr]) (r = 0.892, r2 = 0.795, p<0.001). According to Bland-Altman there are no differences between the equation and the cycle ergometer test (p = 0.644) and no values of VO2 max were outside the limits of agreement. Discussions: the main finding is that weight and stature have the greatest predictive power, along with sex, and the other variables increase it, in addition, it is a pioneering study in Chile. Some research uses body characteristics and lifestyles to predict VO2 max, but only two include smoking, one HR and none blood pressure. Conclusions: Anthropometric, lifestyle and cardiovascular variables predict VO2 max. The predictive model can be used considering the differences between the characteristics of people and between countries